How to type a college essay
What Topics Are In Biology Paper 1 2018
Thursday, August 27, 2020
Producing a unique critical essay
Delivering a one of a kind basic exposition Basic exposition On the off chance that you are doled out to compose a basic exposition, you should examine a work of another creator. It might be a logical venture, artistic arrangement, or any another work. It is essential to realize how to make a survey appropriately. In this way, you will have the option to deliver an extraordinary paper. It is vital to communicate your perspective on the investigated subject plainly. While breaking down a specific issue, you have to think about it from various edges. In this way, so as to deliver a unique basic focal point exposition, you have to look at the subject dispassionately. Moreover, you should bolster the talked about thoughts by giving convincing contentions. In the event that you need to make certain of covering the theme completely, pick the one that you are keen on. What's more, you ought not compose your work in the principal individual solitary. The fact of the matter is that you have to investigate the issue altogether and not exclusively to introduce your sincere belief about it. Pull in Readers Attention Note that you should deliver an awesome basic examination exposition. The fact of the matter is that not every person knows about the broke down sythesis. In this way, when perusing your survey, clients will choose whether the talked about work merits their consideration or not. You should begin with making a snappy title. It should show perusers your paper. Note that it ought to delineate the main issue of the work. On the off chance that you pick an effective strategy for talking about the issue, your bit of composing will be perused from spread to cover. What is a basic exposition without amazing proof? It won't be viewed as a careful audit. In this manner, you have to introduce certain realities to build up your thoughts. One all the more method to make your work engaging is to contrast the communicated perspective and a couple of contradicting ones. It will make your paper sensible. Powerful Approach So as to compose nitty gritty audit, you have to examine the point altogether. For this situation, you ought to apply your investigative abilities. On the off chance that you are acceptable at the analyzed subject, you won't experience any challenges with investigating it. In this way, you should concentrate on the principle thought and talk about it. It is superfluous to cover a couple of focuses without a moment's delay. It might befuddle perusers and won't let you depict the issue appropriately. So as to see how to compose a basic article in the correct manner, investigate the accompanying model: When composing a scholastic work in Statistics, you have to give hard information. Also, you should make all estimations applying to appropriate equations. Contentions ought to be firmly identified with the subject. Abstain from presenting new realities. Psyche the Writing Style So as to compose a paper of predominant quality, you have to utilize powerful composing techniques and give solid contentions. For example, while delivering a coursework in English, you have to investigate various procedures of communicating feeling on the inspected issues. While setting up your basic paper, you may investigate crafted by a specific creator by introducing perspectives of different researchers on it. It is imperative to assemble applicable material on the point to furnish perusers with nitty gritty depiction. In this manner, you may utilize cites, draw tables, refer to models, and so forth.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Effectiveness of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
The Effectiveness of Advertising - Essay Example Each sponsor or organization must accomplish something other than make an item, give it an alluring cost, and offer it to the buyer. They need to likewise convey and elevate it to their present and future clients; they need to promote it. Promoters advance to the desires, wants, and needs of the objective market or potential client. Target advertise is the market fragment to which a specific item is showcased. It is frequently characterized by age, sex as well as financial gathering, states Wikipedia reference book (2006). As recently expressed, an expanding number of publicists, retailers, and wholesalers offer to the objective market's feelings, desires, wants, needs, and needs. They need to pull at the heart strings so as to convince, or get others to accept and make some activity. Maybe probably the best instances of these commercials use sex to offer everything from brew to necessities, for example, toothpaste. The word desire isn't regularly utilized in our general public today so the importance might be dark to numerous Americans. (Sponsors Lure Customers with Worldly Lusts, n.d.) This may appear to be wrecking yet without publicizing, numerous individuals would be out of employments and many would need item and administration information and chances to buy what they need and need. For instance, without promoting (regardless of whether it is on an announcement, on the Internet, or through a sales rep), individuals would not be as educated and the open doors for purchasing and deals would diminish. Publicizing builds rivalry, rivalry urges development which prompts more occupations. Burton (2005) reports, The objective of the opposition is to improve financial develo pmentand ideally, will bring about occupation opportunities... In spite of the fact that publicizing can be found wherever even to the point that we are utilized to it, promoting is genuinely misconstrued. It can even be found on toys, at the motion pictures, and keeping in mind that you are pausing. A few shows and motion pictures are whole commercials for different items and administrations. Ference (2004) reports, They even publicize when we're pausing. Ever endure The 2wenty The 2wenty, so named for the advertainment it gives in the 20 minutes before your film begins (semi phonetic numerical replacement is, obviously, sic), replaces the slide-show advertisements of days of old with programming that builds up a film, TV show, or performer - and interstitial ads for Promoting 4 entertainingly neighborhood items. (The perky Tel-Aviv vehicle administration assistant and DJ school began by Jam Master Jay, being fantastic launches here.) As curious as this all appears, this kind of hostage film publicizing is a $315.1 million business. Let us not neglect to specify the utilization of the Internet and innovation for promoting. Some even say that is a fundamental fiendishness. Promoting is fundamental when the new item is acquainted available with make an interest for it, or when there are
Friday, August 21, 2020
Essay Writing Tips - Non Political Revolution Using Hymns and Thematic Essay Samples
Essay Writing Tips - Non Political Revolution Using Hymns and Thematic Essay SamplesNon political revolution is a large topic for writers and essay writers to explore. This isn't a matter of politics but rather about ideas. In essence, this term, as many have pointed out, has become a metaphor for the building blocks that lead to revolutionary change. If you are having difficulty in getting your point across with your essay, look no further than the historical use of non political revolution.When it comes to framing a discussion on this topic, you need to provide all the proper resources that allow you to reach that revolutionary effect. What could be more appropriate than the use of these resource articles from four prominent authors? These articles will help you get the right tone and the right ideas. It is crucial to find a theme that you can support with several supporting passages. This means you have to take your time and be creative in your approach.The use of poetry is the ke y to great non political revolution. You should compose your paragraphs in a manner that creates space for your ideas to flow. Avoid using long sentences because your focus should be to support your position through poetry. You may also choose to use large font and black ink.For those writing in the non-fiction format, you should be careful with what you write because there are no laws governing how you should structure your political revolution. However, you do want to provide the facts with as much evidence as possible to demonstrate that you are both correct and accurate. The articles from the four writers are definitely worth reading, not only because they discuss ideas, but also because they support an author's assertion and provide you with quotes, citations, and other important information that you may need in order to support your statement.These four writers create their non political revolution with the intention of discussing issues and voicing opinions. They make sure to point out the importance of certain themes, such as the environment, human rights, social change, and poverty. Not only does this serve to remind the reader of the general causes, but also allows the writer to assert their own opinion.They also illustrate how they used different techniques that allowed them to express their thoughts in ways that were meaningful to them. Some people use words like 'love 'joy' while others like to use 'honor 'pride.' These four authors understand that a well-written essay is what should actually be the main concern of the essay writer, not the words.The articles from these essay samples are written to show you the benefits of using the specific frame, tone, and content. You shouldn't be afraid to use this style of essay, but you should also know that you have to follow the framework provided. An example of this would be that you use quotation marks to emphasize each quotation or cite each claim made. These are critical when you are using non politica l revolution as a key word in your essay.Your essay will be as effective as the ideas you present for your non political revolution. Of course, your idea may be offensive to certain groups. It can also be anything that is controversial enough to cause a lot of controversy. It is just important that you approach the subject with a mind to creating a valuable article with a unique viewpoint.
Monday, May 25, 2020
What Is the Worlds Strongest Superacid
You may be thinking the acid in the alien blood in the popular movie is pretty far-fetched, but the truth is, theres is an acid that is even more corrosive! Learn about the words strongest superacid: fluoroantimonic acid.à Strongest Superacid The worlds strongest superacid is fluoroantimonic acid, HSbF6. It is formed by mixing hydrogen fluoride (HF) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF5). Various mixtures produce the superacid, but mixing equal ratios of the two acids produces the strongest superacid known to man. Properties of Fluoroantimonic Acid Superacid Rapidly and explosively decomposes upon contact with water. Because of this property, fluoroantimonic acid cannot be used in aqueous solution. It is only used in a solution of hydrofluoric acid.Evolves highly toxic vapors. As the temperature is increased, fluoroantimonic acid decomposes and generates hydrogen fluoride gas (hydrofluoric acid).Fluoroantimonic acid is 2Ãâ"1019 (20 quintillion) times stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Fluoroantimonic acid has a H0 (Hammett acidity function) value of -31.3.Dissolves glass and many other materials and protonates nearly all organic compounds (such as everything in your body). This acid is stores in PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) containers. What Is It Used For? If its so toxic and dangerous, why would anyone want to have fluoroantimonic acid? The answer lies in its extreme properties. Fluoroantimonic acid is used in chemical engineering and organic chemistry to protonate organic compounds, regardless of their solvent. For example, the acid can be used to remove H2 from isobutane and methane from neopentane. It is used as a catalyst for alkylations and acylations in petrochemistry. Superacids in general are used to synthesize and characterize carbocations. Reaction Between Hydrofluoric Acid and Antimony Pentafluoride The reaction between hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentrafluoride that forms fluoroantimonic acid is exothermic. HF SbF5 ââ â H SbF6- The hydrogen ion (proton) attaches to the fluorine via a very weak dipolar bond. The weak bond accounts for the extreme acidity of fluoroantimonic acid, allowing the proton to jump between anion clusters. What Make Fluoroantimonic Acid a Superacid? A superacid is any acid that is stronger than pure sulfuric acid, H2SO4. By stronger, it means a superacid donates more protons or hydrogen ions in water or has a Hammet acidity function H0 lower than -12. The Hammet acidity function for fluorantimonic acid is H0 -28. Other Superacids Other superacids include the carborane superacids [e.g.,à H(CHB11Cl11)] and fluorosulfuric acid (HFSO3). The carborane superacids may be considered the worlds strongest solo acid, as fluoroantimonic acid is actually a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and antimony pentafluoride. Carborane has a pH value of -18. Unlike fluorosulfuric acid and fluoroantimonic acid, the carborane acids are so noncorrosive that they may be handled with bare skin. Teflon, the non-stick coating often found on cookware, may contain carborante. The carborane acids are also relatively uncommon, so its unlikely a chemistry student would encounter one of them. Strongest Superacid Key Takeaways A superacid has an acidity greater than that of pure sulfuric acid.The worlds strongest superacid is fluoroantimonic acid.Fluoroantimonic acid is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and antimony pentafluoride.The carbonane superacids are the strongest solo acids. Sources Hall NF, Conant JB (1927). A Study of Superacid Solutions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 49 (12): 3062ndash, 70. doi:10.1021/ja01411a010Herlem, Michel (1977). Are reactions in superacid media due to protons or to powerful oxidising species such as SO3 or SbF5?. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 49: 107ââ¬â113. doi:10.1351/pac197749010107
Thursday, May 14, 2020
The Problem with Todays Youth Language Essay - 800 Words
Have you noticed something wrong with the vocabulary that the young people of the modern world have been using? If not, I suggest you take another look. The words and sentence structure has become lazy and lost its rightful rank of importance, falling into the youthsââ¬â¢ view of boring and tedious. The vast amount of words are slowing decaying to the last of their lives, soon to be un- or misused by the masses, some even becoming extinct out of malpractice or ignorance of the current existence. Sadly, definitions have even been altered due to being wrongly used in everyday speak, mainly misused by the youth of today. I will talk about how some or most young adults speak, how it can carry into adulthood, the cons of using the language, ways toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Posture, dressing nicely or appropriately, speaking in a calm and collected voice, and keeping visible grooming can improve the visual aspects of being a professional or an adult in a good position. There are many downsides to using informal and improper language in inappropriate situations. Some are: 1. being seen as unprofessional 2. being denied something you were applying for, such as a job position 3. not being respected as you should 4. and finally, possibly being forcibly removed from a location. These are just a few major of many negative reactions to an adult speaking with underdeveloped speech skills can have if they do not try to correct themselves. There is a myriad of ways to help teens and young children develop useful language and social skills. Schools, middle and elementary, can provide classes that deal with teaching children and teens about how to portray themselves in the best light for each situation. It would be similar to Professional Communications, which teaches ways to write and to give speeches in front of an audience, including persuasive techniques. The Uses and Complexity of Argument Structures in Expert and Student Persuasive Writing by Joanna Crammond explains a study done by the author. It studies the complexities of sentence structure and word usage of kids in grades 6, 8, and 10, and how they differ from that of experts in persuasive writing. As a student who has taken this class, it can be very pressuring to go in front of 30Show MoreRelated Youth Violence Essay1223 Words à |à 5 Pages Youth Violence à à à à à Youth violence is an escalating problem in American society today. There are many different factors that can be blamed for this problem. During the last decade of the twentieth century people began searching for answers to this dilemma which is haunting America. Many tragic school shootings have taken place within the last decade that have gained the attention of the public. As of now, no one can give the right answer to the problem or the reason that it happens because thereRead MoreEnglish as a Universal Language Essay1172 Words à |à 5 PagesEnglish language as a universal language and it is very important. Every people are urge to learn English language. Especially for university students who are going to enter society after graduation, English is perceived to be crucial for communication at work with regards to employment. But in Malaysia, the proficiency of English language among youth is declining. Start in the 70s, many concerned stakeholders from employ ers, linguists and educationists to parents have voiced their concern. (AzizanRead MoreYouth and the Media Essay1247 Words à |à 5 PagesYouth and the Media A major stepping stone in the path of contemporary youth is that of the media and itââ¬â¢s all to often fatalistic, unfavourable and adverse representation of todayââ¬â¢s youth. The media primarily are modes of communication in contemporary cultureRead MoreThe Importance Of Learning A Second Language Essay973 Words à |à 4 PagesÃâ"à ´Ã'â¬Ã °Ã ²Ã µÃ ¹Ã'âà µ. The art of language is intricate and useful in many aspects of life. The Encyclopedia of Education states ââ¬Å"â⬠¦between 60-75% of the world is bilingual.â⬠When it comes to bilingual education most countries require students to learn their home language and English. The United States only requires two years of foreign language to graduate. This is due to the English language being considered as the universal language. Schools should require students to learn a second language to build their cognitiveRead MoreCode Switching Essay examples1518 Words à |à 7 PagesWild Tongue.â⬠Anzaldua grew up in Texas, near the Mexico border, to a Mexican-American family. Her family primarily spoke Spanish, but while at school and in the community, they had to speak English, the accepted language of America (Anzaldu a 530). Anzaldua did not want her native language to die, so she wrote ââ¬Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongueâ⬠to express her feelings, and to show how code switching affected her everyday life. In the story, Anzaldua expressed that depending on who she was talking to, sheRead MoreEssay on Technology Negatively Affects Children1180 Words à |à 5 Pages5 hours per day of media exposure. Most children communicate more through electronic devices and spend less face time with family members and peers. Text messaging and emails provide limited of no access to other peopleââ¬â¢s emotions, and the rich language of non verbal communication that in real-time interactions is lost. The quality of family time is compromised if children are using technology. The family would not be able to talk very much during dinner time because of distractions like watchingRead MoreEffects of Social Media on the Youth1556 Words à |à 7 Pagessuch as the television, radio, newspapers, movies, magazin es and most notably, the internet, have impacted heavily on the youth. The media not only serves as a source of information but also provides a source of entertainment. Media sources have relentlessly worked on creating appealing images that entice the youth to their content. Although these may be informative, the youths have been coerced into consuming more time reading or browsing for such information. Recent advancements in computers andRead MoreThe Beginning Of Leadership, Whatarangi Winiata1357 Words à |à 6 Pagesarikitanga, but in the 1880s the fallout of the treaty led to lots of commotion for the leaders of the Mà ori people (Pfeiffer et al 2010: 8). Whatarangi Winiata, while not a traditional chief leader of the Mà ori people, is a leader more prevalent in todayââ¬â¢s contemporary society. Winiata was born in New Zealand but moved away and returned in 1975 after living in Michigan, USA and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. When he returned to New Zealand, he discovered the deterioration of his marae (courtyardRead MoreAgents of Socialization Essay754 Words à |à 4 Pagesanyoneââ¬â¢s work, and I also like to do stuff on my own. We have many current problems in our society that affects the socialization and personalities of todayââ¬â¢s youth. The T.V. shows, movies, music, and the Internet are all a problem. Sex, drugs, alcohol, and violence are the results to all of these problems. Anytime I turn on the radio, I could never listen to a song the way itââ¬â¢s written, because of all the bad language. Anytime I turn on the T.V. to watch a show or movie there are always scenesRead MoreBad Influence of Hip Hop on Youth1009 Words à |à 5 Pageson the music that todayââ¬â¢s youth listen to that many are affected by even though the producers are unaware of it. Today thereââ¬â¢s a lot of drug abuse, violence, and sex all on the rise even though hip hop itself is not to blame. Imagine our youth all over the country being exposed to this explicit kind of language. There is no need to imagine, because it is already happening. Ever since the rise of Rap and Hip Hop music, teens have been turning to them to help solve their problems. However these kinds
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Important Effects of Theories, Systems, and Paradigms...
Psychology is the study of the way people think and behave. The field of psychology has a number of subdisciplines devoted to the study of the different levels and contexts of human thought and behavior that includes theories, systems, and paradigms. Theories, systems, and paradigms have had an important effect on psychology. A theory is a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena. A theory can also be explained as an abstract thought or speculation. There are many different theories of abnormality and treatment. These approaches include the psychoanalytic, neo-Freudian, gestalt, cognitive behavior therapy, humanistic psychology, and transactional analysis. Theoriesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The approach of intellectual history describes the sociocultural context of theoretical systems and the future of idea-systems on the works of subsequent theorists. The schools of social thought approach organizes the stud y of theory in terms of groups of theorists who share similar assumptions and approaches to the study of human behavior. In American psychology, systems and theories historically have been very closely associated. A system of psychology may be defined as an interpretation of data and theories with special assumptions (postulates), definitions, and methodological biases (Marx and Hillix, 1979, p. 490). The key word in this definition is the last one, biases, because in essence a system represents a predisposition toward the selection of problems, methods, observations, and interpretations. The systems that have been most influential in American psychology are generally agreed to be structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and psychoanalysis. Sets of interacting units with relationships among them form these systems. For example, structuralism has no concrete mental process, no idea of feeling that we actually experience as part of a consciousness, is a simple process, but that all alike are made up of a number of simple processes blended together. These simple processes are calledShow MoreRelatedScience Is The Term For A Unique Means Of Understanding The World1469 Words à |à 6 Pagesthey will express their explanations. Scientific theories are logically created and dependant on empirical evidence. Scientific theorising is self-correcting, as when a theory is wrong it will eventually be proved to be so by the findings that are acquired. Scientific theories are not to be deemed as ââ¬Ëthe ultimate truthââ¬â¢ as even if they do account for all the data currently obtainable, there might always be some evidence that develops in the The theories and ideas that researchers submit must be constructedRead MoreA Summary of the Psychodynamic Theory and Sigmund Freuds Ideas1826 Words à |à 7 PagesIt is difficult to summarize psychodynamic theory without a brief discussion of Freud. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, the father of psychodynamic theory, and in effect the father of modern psychotherapy. Freuds notions retain quite a bit of popularity, especially his ideas that things are not what they seem on the surface. Because of his understanding of the mind and behavior, Freud considered that overt behaviors were not always self-explanatory (or perhaps not often explanatoryRead MoreThe Critical And Conceptual Inquiry2264 Words à |à 10 Pages In the early 1950ââ¬â¢s, Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) openly condemned psychology as a discipline plagued with conceptual confusion, and rife with experimental methods that are often completely irrelevant to the problems they set out to solve. Although written over half a century ago, Wittgensteinââ¬â¢s criticism actively reflects the distinct conundrum of modern day psychology, in which expeditious empirical expansion is coupled with conceptual and theoretical turmoil (Hacker, 2007). Despite this ambiguityRead MoreBronfenbrenner s Theory Of Human Development1673 Words à |à 7 PagesBronfenbrennerââ¬â¢s Bioecological Theory Background The study and research of human development has always been intriguing and intensive. There are five perspectives commonly discussed: psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological. Those who follow the contextual perspective believe that development can be understood only in its social context. Also, they observe the individual as an inseparable component of the environment. Psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner isRead MoreThe Philosophy And Science Of Caring1447 Words à |à 6 PagesJean Watson is a well-known American theorist that created the Philosophy and Science of Caring. Caring in nursing is the important connection between the nurse and the individual that seeks care. Watsonââ¬â¢s theory of caring is based on the concept of human relationships and consists of carative factors that should embody the nurse. This paper will take a closer look at the theory of caring and explore the dimensions of how it applies to nursing practice. Caring is one of the fundamentals of nursingRead MoreProject M2 : False Memory1635 Words à |à 7 PagesBaltes, 2001, p. 5254). How memory works is an important area that psychologist have been searching for answers to since the early 1950ââ¬â¢s and has led to some controversial theories. Baddeley (2001) suggests a working memory system which consists of four components; a modality-free central executive, a phonological loop which holds information in speech based form, a visuo-spatial sketchpad and an episodic buffer which is the temporary storage system that holds and integrates information from theRead More The Development of Attachment Essay1748 Words à |à 7 PagesOne of the most important factors that affect child development is the relationship of the child with their primary caregiver. This is a tenet of developmental psychology known as attachment theory. John Bowlby, the creator of this theory, wanted to examine how early childhood experiences influence personality development. Attachment theory specifically examines infantââ¬â¢s reactions to being separated from their primary caregiver. Bowlby hypothesized that the differences in how children react toRead MoreThe Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect: The Pygmalion in the Classroom2261 Words à |à 10 Pag esThere are many factors throughout the field of educational social psychology that attempt to explain why similar students perform differently within the classroom. The phenomenon known as the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) is one such example. James Davis first coined BFLPE in the field of psychology in 1966. Davis concluded from his study of male college students, that those high-achieving students that attended a college of a lower caliber tended to perform better and have a better outlookRead MoreThe Importance Of African American Education1559 Words à |à 7 Pagesbut of the education that is taught as well as what is seen on television and in everyday life. In this evaluative paper we will understand why African centered education is important, the African origins of western psychology, why was African contribution left out of world history and western psychology, and new paradigms that can be created. If schools provided an African centered education as a part of their curriculum for African American students, then that would be the first part of helpingRead MoreResearch on the Logistics and Mechanisms of Attention1698 Words à |à 7 Pagesbehind this prioritization and allocation of resources is thus important from a theoretical perspective (Vergauwe et al., 2010), but also due to its practical implications in various fields such as the military, sports, transportation, safety and education (Strayer Johnston, 2001; Gingerich Lineweaver, 2014). Generally, these constrains have been studied in two specific domains: space and time. Regarding space, visual search paradigms explore how stimulus selection occurs when distractors are introduced
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Regulating Natural Monopolies
Question: Discuss about theRegulating Natural Monopolies. Answer: Introduction In this paper, the researcher seeks to investigate and present a detailed explication behind the rationale for governments to wish to establish the price that natural monopolies charge at the level whereby the demand curve (D=AR=P) intersects the average total cost curve (ATC). Understanding Natural Monopolies Government Regulation The main challenge with monopolies is that when they are left uncontrolled by the government, they will most probably decide to undertake production at an output level that is far lower and offer products at prices that are extremely higher compared to those from virtuously competitive sector (Berg Tschirhart, 2010). A natural monopoly shall produce at point at which the price charged is above he MC, showcasing resources under-allocation towards commodities. The monopoly limits the output and raise its price and in so doing, he is assured a maximum profit, though at a societal cost of less overall consumer welfare or surplus. Surprisingly, in certain industries, due to vast array of output upon that economies of scale are witnessed, it makes increasing sense sometimes for solely one firm to partake. Those markets remain regarded as natural monopolies and certain instances include cable television, along with natural gas besides other industries which have vast economies of scale (Braeutigam, 2015). Government regulators are trapped in dilemmatic setting in speaking to natural monopolistic businesses like electricity sector. An electricity firm that has a monopoly in a given marketplace shall anchor the price along with output decision on profit maximization law which every unfettered business shall; it shall generate at a point whereby their MR equates their MC. The challenge is for a natural monopoly since MR is below price charged, that implies that maximizing profit output level (whereby MC=MR), MC will be below price: proof of allocative inefficiency that is never sufficient electricity shall be generated and price shall be extremely abnormal for certain customers to acquire. In this manner, the need for government regulation arises. The government concerned with acquiring the right quantity of electricity to the right quantity of the individuals (allocative efficiency) might decide to establish a price ceiling for electricity at a level at which the price equates MC of the firm. This, nevertheless, shall probably be underneath ATC of the firm taking in mind that ATC drops over a vast array of output, a setting that will culminate to losses for a business, and might result into collapse. Therefore, many administrations have established a price ceiling whereby price is equivalent to ATC of a firm, implying a firm shall break even solely earning a normal profit substantially merely sufficient to enable the firm run the business; this is regarded as fair-return price. As show above, government regulation of monopolies is meant to only allow the monopolies to gain the normal profits. It is clear that this can only be achieved at a point whereby administration creates price charged by natural monopolies at a point whereby the demand curve intersects the ATC curve where firms can break even. This will make the monopolies to only obtain the revenues required to cover the monopolys total amount of variable and fixed expenses during a given period of time. The administration might decide to undertake regulation of natural monopoly to safeguard interest of consumers. For instance, monopolies enjoy market power for establishing higher prices unlike competitive markets. The administration have various options to choose from when regulating the monopolies including price capping, barring the monopoly power growth and yardstick competition. Reasons for Government Regulation The government will regulate monopoly to bar excess price from being charged by monopolies. In the absence of administration regulation, natural monopoly might place price beyond. This will culminate into allocative inefficiency hence a drop in consumers welfare. The government also regulate to ensure better service quality. In case a natural monopoly enjoys a power over a given service provision, it might have less incentive to provide good service quality. The administration will thus regulate to make sure that the monopoly firm meet the minimum service standard. The government will also regulate to control the monopsony power. For a monopoly firm, it will be well placed to abuse the buying power of monopsony. For instance, supermarkets might utilize their overriding market location and hence squeezing farmers profit margins. The regulation will also be done to indorse competition. In certain businesses, it is conceivable to promote competition, hence there shall be little sense for regulation by government. The government also regulate due to natural monopolies. Certain sectors are natural monopolies and hence because of huge economies of scale, it will be supremely efficient to only have one firm. Accordingly, there is no need for encouraging competition by the government and hence it is indispensable to regulate firms to bar the exploitation of the power of monopoly. Average Cost Pricing The government uses price capping to regulate the monopolies from charging the high price above that of a competitive market. For example, for freshly privatized industries like gas, water and electricity, the administration has established regulatory agencies including OFGEM (electricity and gas markets), OFWAT (tap water) and ORR (office of rail regulator) in the United States. These bodies undertake to limit the surges in prices. The average cost pricing is helpful in this case. This is the regulatory described as the enforcement of a price point for a particular commodity which equals the entire costs sustained by monopoly providing or producing. Such an approach is used by the government to reduce the flexibility of the monopoly which makes sure that monopoly cannot capture the margins beyond and above what is reasonable (Train, 2011). In this way, the government is able to eliminate the threat that consolidating an industry into one single suppler pose to the free market along with their customers since it limits the manipulation of the price by monopolies through a comprehensive control of the supply. In this sense, the government will minimize monopolization alongside maintenance of competitive equality. Accordingly, the government will ensure that monopolies do not lower that economic output of a given society and hence its wealth by regulating the prices charged by the monopoly to a point whereby demand curve crisscross ATC curve to bar a natural monopoly from profit maximization rather than fair returns or normal profits (Posner, 2014). Price Regulation For a competitive firm, the profit maximization takes place where the MC is equals to price at the market. Nevertheless, because ATC of a natural monopoly drops repeatedly, the MC shall normally be smaller than ATC. This is because the ATC describes average entire costs encompassing vast fixed costs whereas MC is solely additional cost of generating an extra unit. Accordingly, a natural monopoly shall recurrently lose cash in case price charged is restricted to its MC (Loeb Magat, 2014). The government comes into play to dictate the better regulated price which would that which permits the monopoly to alter the price denoted as fair-return price sometimes which equates to the monopolys ATC or the normal profit as show in the diagram below. The above price would permit the natural monopoly to endure as a going concern. Nevertheless, it would fail to incentivize the monopoly firm owners to reduce costs. Therefore, this kind of the government regulation of monopolies could be improved by permitting a natural monopoly to maintain certain profits received by decreasing costs (Gmez-Ibez, 2013). It is acknowledged that not such a price is beneath price charged by monopoly which maximizes profits, which sets the price equivalent to level at which MC=MR Conclusion It is apparent from the deliberation above that certain commodities can be offered at a lower cost by natural monopolies than competing firms. The primary feature of a natural monopoly is that its ATC diminishes continually over any amount demanded by the market. In case the sector has a vast fixed cost, a single firm will offer commodity at a point far lesser cost compared to numerous firms. This is due to the fact that ATC of each firm will be much higher compared to when it is a natural monopoly. Therefore, a natural monopoly will provide a commodity for a lower price in absence of any competition. Certain examples of a natural monopoly encompass the distribution of landline phone, tap water, natural gas and electricity. The government regulation is, therefore, appropriate to make sure that a natural monopoly only charges the fair-return price or normal profit without reducing costs sat a point at which AR curve intersects ATC curve. References Berg, S. V., Tschirhart, J. (2010). Natural monopoly regulation: principles and practice. New York: Cambridge University Press. Braeutigam, R. R. (2015). Optimal policies for natural monopolies. Handbook of industrial organization, 2, 1289-1346. Gmez-Ibez, J. A. (2013). Regulating infrastructure: monopoly, contracts, and discretion. Loeb, M., Magat, W. A. (2014). A decentralized method for utility regulation. the Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 399-404. Posner, R. A. (2014). Natural monopoly and its regulation. Stanford Law Review, 548-643. Train, K. E. (2011). Optimal regulation: the economic theory of natural monopoly. MIT Press Books, 1.
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