The Important Effects of Theories, Systems, and Paradigms...

Psychology is the study of the way people think and behave. The field of psychology has a number of subdisciplines devoted to the study of the different levels and contexts of human thought and behavior that includes theories, systems, and paradigms. Theories, systems, and paradigms have had an important effect on psychology. A theory is a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena. A theory can also be explained as an abstract thought or speculation. There are many different theories of abnormality and treatment. These approaches include the psychoanalytic, neo-Freudian, gestalt, cognitive behavior therapy, humanistic psychology, and transactional analysis. Theories†¦show more content†¦The approach of intellectual history describes the sociocultural context of theoretical systems and the future of idea-systems on the works of subsequent theorists. The schools of social thought approach organizes the stud y of theory in terms of groups of theorists who share similar assumptions and approaches to the study of human behavior. In American psychology, systems and theories historically have been very closely associated. A system of psychology may be defined as an interpretation of data and theories with special assumptions (postulates), definitions, and methodological biases (Marx and Hillix, 1979, p. 490). The key word in this definition is the last one, biases, because in essence a system represents a predisposition toward the selection of problems, methods, observations, and interpretations. The systems that have been most influential in American psychology are generally agreed to be structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and psychoanalysis. Sets of interacting units with relationships among them form these systems. For example, structuralism has no concrete mental process, no idea of feeling that we actually experience as part of a consciousness, is a simple process, but that all alike are made up of a number of simple processes blended together. These simple processes are calledShow MoreRelatedScience Is The Term For A Unique Means Of Understanding The World1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthey will express their explanations. Scientific theories are logically created and dependant on empirical evidence. Scientific theorising is self-correcting, as when a theory is wrong it will eventually be proved to be so by the findings that are acquired. Scientific theories are not to be deemed as ‘the ultimate truth’ as even if they do account for all the data currently obtainable, there might always be some evidence that develops in the The theories and ideas that researchers submit must be constructedRead MoreA Summary of the Psychodynamic Theory and Sigmund Freuds Ideas1826 Words   |  7 PagesIt is difficult to summarize psychodynamic theory without a brief discussion of Freud. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, the father of psychodynamic theory, and in effect the father of modern psychotherapy. Freuds notions retain quite a bit of popularity, especially his ideas that things are not what they seem on the surface. Because of his understanding of the mind and behavior, Freud considered that overt behaviors were not always self-explanatory (or perhaps not often explanatoryRead MoreThe Critical And Conceptual Inquiry2264 Words   |  10 Pages In the early 1950’s, Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) openly condemned psychology as a discipline plagued with conceptual confusion, and rife with experimental methods that are often completely irrelevant to the problems they set out to solve. Although written over half a century ago, Wittgenstein’s criticism actively reflects the distinct conundrum of modern day psychology, in which expeditious empirical expansion is coupled with conceptual and theoretical turmoil (Hacker, 2007). Despite this ambiguityRead MoreBronfenbrenner s Theory Of Human Development1673 Words   |  7 PagesBronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Background The study and research of human development has always been intriguing and intensive. There are five perspectives commonly discussed: psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological. Those who follow the contextual perspective believe that development can be understood only in its social context. Also, they observe the individual as an inseparable component of the environment. Psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner isRead MoreThe Philosophy And Science Of Caring1447 Words   |  6 PagesJean Watson is a well-known American theorist that created the Philosophy and Science of Caring. Caring in nursing is the important connection between the nurse and the individual that seeks care. Watson’s theory of caring is based on the concept of human relationships and consists of carative factors that should embody the nurse. This paper will take a closer look at the theory of caring and explore the dimensions of how it applies to nursing practice. Caring is one of the fundamentals of nursingRead MoreProject M2 : False Memory1635 Words   |  7 PagesBaltes, 2001, p. 5254). How memory works is an important area that psychologist have been searching for answers to since the early 1950’s and has led to some controversial theories. Baddeley (2001) suggests a working memory system which consists of four components; a modality-free central executive, a phonological loop which holds information in speech based form, a visuo-spatial sketchpad and an episodic buffer which is the temporary storage system that holds and integrates information from theRead More The Development of Attachment Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important factors that affect child development is the relationship of the child with their primary caregiver. This is a tenet of developmental psychology known as attachment theory. John Bowlby, the creator of this theory, wanted to examine how early childhood experiences influence personality development. Attachment theory specifically examines infant’s reactions to being separated from their primary caregiver. Bowlby hypothesized that the differences in how children react toRead MoreThe Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect: The Pygmalion in the Classroom2261 Words   |  10 Pag esThere are many factors throughout the field of educational social psychology that attempt to explain why similar students perform differently within the classroom. The phenomenon known as the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) is one such example. James Davis first coined BFLPE in the field of psychology in 1966. Davis concluded from his study of male college students, that those high-achieving students that attended a college of a lower caliber tended to perform better and have a better outlookRead MoreThe Importance Of African American Education1559 Words   |  7 Pagesbut of the education that is taught as well as what is seen on television and in everyday life. In this evaluative paper we will understand why African centered education is important, the African origins of western psychology, why was African contribution left out of world history and western psychology, and new paradigms that can be created. If schools provided an African centered education as a part of their curriculum for African American students, then that would be the first part of helpingRead MoreResearch on the Logistics and Mechanisms of Attention1698 Words   |  7 Pagesbehind this prioritization and allocation of resources is thus important from a theoretical perspective (Vergauwe et al., 2010), but also due to its practical implications in various fields such as the military, sports, transportation, safety and education (Strayer Johnston, 2001; Gingerich Lineweaver, 2014). Generally, these constrains have been studied in two specific domains: space and time. Regarding space, visual search paradigms explore how stimulus selection occurs when distractors are introduced

Regulating Natural Monopolies

Question: Discuss about theRegulating Natural Monopolies. Answer: Introduction In this paper, the researcher seeks to investigate and present a detailed explication behind the rationale for governments to wish to establish the price that natural monopolies charge at the level whereby the demand curve (D=AR=P) intersects the average total cost curve (ATC). Understanding Natural Monopolies Government Regulation The main challenge with monopolies is that when they are left uncontrolled by the government, they will most probably decide to undertake production at an output level that is far lower and offer products at prices that are extremely higher compared to those from virtuously competitive sector (Berg Tschirhart, 2010). A natural monopoly shall produce at point at which the price charged is above he MC, showcasing resources under-allocation towards commodities. The monopoly limits the output and raise its price and in so doing, he is assured a maximum profit, though at a societal cost of less overall consumer welfare or surplus. Surprisingly, in certain industries, due to vast array of output upon that economies of scale are witnessed, it makes increasing sense sometimes for solely one firm to partake. Those markets remain regarded as natural monopolies and certain instances include cable television, along with natural gas besides other industries which have vast economies of scale (Braeutigam, 2015). Government regulators are trapped in dilemmatic setting in speaking to natural monopolistic businesses like electricity sector. An electricity firm that has a monopoly in a given marketplace shall anchor the price along with output decision on profit maximization law which every unfettered business shall; it shall generate at a point whereby their MR equates their MC. The challenge is for a natural monopoly since MR is below price charged, that implies that maximizing profit output level (whereby MC=MR), MC will be below price: proof of allocative inefficiency that is never sufficient electricity shall be generated and price shall be extremely abnormal for certain customers to acquire. In this manner, the need for government regulation arises. The government concerned with acquiring the right quantity of electricity to the right quantity of the individuals (allocative efficiency) might decide to establish a price ceiling for electricity at a level at which the price equates MC of the firm. This, nevertheless, shall probably be underneath ATC of the firm taking in mind that ATC drops over a vast array of output, a setting that will culminate to losses for a business, and might result into collapse. Therefore, many administrations have established a price ceiling whereby price is equivalent to ATC of a firm, implying a firm shall break even solely earning a normal profit substantially merely sufficient to enable the firm run the business; this is regarded as fair-return price. As show above, government regulation of monopolies is meant to only allow the monopolies to gain the normal profits. It is clear that this can only be achieved at a point whereby administration creates price charged by natural monopolies at a point whereby the demand curve intersects the ATC curve where firms can break even. This will make the monopolies to only obtain the revenues required to cover the monopolys total amount of variable and fixed expenses during a given period of time. The administration might decide to undertake regulation of natural monopoly to safeguard interest of consumers. For instance, monopolies enjoy market power for establishing higher prices unlike competitive markets. The administration have various options to choose from when regulating the monopolies including price capping, barring the monopoly power growth and yardstick competition. Reasons for Government Regulation The government will regulate monopoly to bar excess price from being charged by monopolies. In the absence of administration regulation, natural monopoly might place price beyond. This will culminate into allocative inefficiency hence a drop in consumers welfare. The government also regulate to ensure better service quality. In case a natural monopoly enjoys a power over a given service provision, it might have less incentive to provide good service quality. The administration will thus regulate to make sure that the monopoly firm meet the minimum service standard. The government will also regulate to control the monopsony power. For a monopoly firm, it will be well placed to abuse the buying power of monopsony. For instance, supermarkets might utilize their overriding market location and hence squeezing farmers profit margins. The regulation will also be done to indorse competition. In certain businesses, it is conceivable to promote competition, hence there shall be little sense for regulation by government. The government also regulate due to natural monopolies. Certain sectors are natural monopolies and hence because of huge economies of scale, it will be supremely efficient to only have one firm. Accordingly, there is no need for encouraging competition by the government and hence it is indispensable to regulate firms to bar the exploitation of the power of monopoly. Average Cost Pricing The government uses price capping to regulate the monopolies from charging the high price above that of a competitive market. For example, for freshly privatized industries like gas, water and electricity, the administration has established regulatory agencies including OFGEM (electricity and gas markets), OFWAT (tap water) and ORR (office of rail regulator) in the United States. These bodies undertake to limit the surges in prices. The average cost pricing is helpful in this case. This is the regulatory described as the enforcement of a price point for a particular commodity which equals the entire costs sustained by monopoly providing or producing. Such an approach is used by the government to reduce the flexibility of the monopoly which makes sure that monopoly cannot capture the margins beyond and above what is reasonable (Train, 2011). In this way, the government is able to eliminate the threat that consolidating an industry into one single suppler pose to the free market along with their customers since it limits the manipulation of the price by monopolies through a comprehensive control of the supply. In this sense, the government will minimize monopolization alongside maintenance of competitive equality. Accordingly, the government will ensure that monopolies do not lower that economic output of a given society and hence its wealth by regulating the prices charged by the monopoly to a point whereby demand curve crisscross ATC curve to bar a natural monopoly from profit maximization rather than fair returns or normal profits (Posner, 2014). Price Regulation For a competitive firm, the profit maximization takes place where the MC is equals to price at the market. Nevertheless, because ATC of a natural monopoly drops repeatedly, the MC shall normally be smaller than ATC. This is because the ATC describes average entire costs encompassing vast fixed costs whereas MC is solely additional cost of generating an extra unit. Accordingly, a natural monopoly shall recurrently lose cash in case price charged is restricted to its MC (Loeb Magat, 2014). The government comes into play to dictate the better regulated price which would that which permits the monopoly to alter the price denoted as fair-return price sometimes which equates to the monopolys ATC or the normal profit as show in the diagram below. The above price would permit the natural monopoly to endure as a going concern. Nevertheless, it would fail to incentivize the monopoly firm owners to reduce costs. Therefore, this kind of the government regulation of monopolies could be improved by permitting a natural monopoly to maintain certain profits received by decreasing costs (Gmez-Ibez, 2013). It is acknowledged that not such a price is beneath price charged by monopoly which maximizes profits, which sets the price equivalent to level at which MC=MR Conclusion It is apparent from the deliberation above that certain commodities can be offered at a lower cost by natural monopolies than competing firms. The primary feature of a natural monopoly is that its ATC diminishes continually over any amount demanded by the market. In case the sector has a vast fixed cost, a single firm will offer commodity at a point far lesser cost compared to numerous firms. This is due to the fact that ATC of each firm will be much higher compared to when it is a natural monopoly. Therefore, a natural monopoly will provide a commodity for a lower price in absence of any competition. Certain examples of a natural monopoly encompass the distribution of landline phone, tap water, natural gas and electricity. The government regulation is, therefore, appropriate to make sure that a natural monopoly only charges the fair-return price or normal profit without reducing costs sat a point at which AR curve intersects ATC curve. References Berg, S. V., Tschirhart, J. (2010). Natural monopoly regulation: principles and practice. New York: Cambridge University Press. Braeutigam, R. R. (2015). Optimal policies for natural monopolies. Handbook of industrial organization, 2, 1289-1346. Gmez-Ibez, J. A. (2013). Regulating infrastructure: monopoly, contracts, and discretion. Loeb, M., Magat, W. A. (2014). A decentralized method for utility regulation. the Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 399-404. Posner, R. A. (2014). Natural monopoly and its regulation. Stanford Law Review, 548-643. Train, K. E. (2011). Optimal regulation: the economic theory of natural monopoly. MIT Press Books, 1.

Final Project Student Survival Guide free essay sample

This school has made earning my college degree convenient and offers many resources. In all of my classes books, appendices, and learning materials are online and easily downloaded to my computer for quick access. Audio files are a useful tool to help me comprehend my reading material. All Of the downloaded materials are also available to download to portable devices so I can take college with me anywhere I go. Another amazing resource is the University Library, which is easily accessible by clicking on the Library tab at the top of the page once I log into my student portal.In the library are many tools that help me to succeed. Among them is the Center for Writing Excellence, or CHEW which supplies resources to help develop written communication skills (University of Phoenix, Ixia College, 201 1). In the CHEW can submit a paper for grammar review in Writing and submit a paper for plagiarism review in the Plagiarism Checker. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Project: Student Survival Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also grammar and writing guides to help me submit a top notch paper with little to no grammatical mistakes.A downloaded tool available in the CHEW is called Riverfront Writer, which opens a Word document properly roommate according to the required PAP (American Psychological Association) guidelines. Also in the Library is The Center for Mathematics Excellence, as well as, student labs and useful links to aid me in gaining my education. Under the Library tab I can find a search box to research all of the publications that Library has to offer as well as links to other databases to further my research. The tutorials offered in the library allow me to fully understand how to use the available resources. Next, we will discuss Academic Honesty. Ixia College has implemented academic honesty leslies to encourage the students intellectual growth, to encourage them to remain honest, and to encourage students to always give credit where credit is due. Ixia Colleges Student Code of Academic Integrity states the many different ways to cheat. Among them is Plagiarism which by definition is the intentional or unintentional representation of anothers words or ideas as ones own in an academic exercise (Center for Writing Excellence, 2011 Plagiarism is dishonorable, dishonest and in some cases criminal.It is stealing and using someone elses intellectual property as my own. The consequences if caught can be severe. I can be given a zero or failing grade for the assignment, be dropped from the course or even be expelled from the institution. A tip to avoid plagiarism is to always include my resources and use proper citations. The Reference and Citation Generator that is available in the library can help with this. Another helpful tool to avoid plagiarism is to submit my papers to the Plagiarism Checker available in the CHEW. The next step to cover is setting and achieving goals.My short term goal is to complete each of my classes successfully one week at a time. By focusing on my studies week by week am able to tackle them easily and not be overwhelmed. I intend to keep using this strategy as I have so far been successful. My long term goals are to complete my Associates Degree and to become employed in a hospital or clinical setting. There are always obstacles in any life goal. The trick is to identify them and overcome them. You can identify obstacles by realizing what and who supports your endeavors and what and who dont and rectify the situation.A strong support group will help you overcome anything that gets in your way. My Ixia degree will be pivotal in me accomplishing my goals. This degree will change my life for the better and I cant wait. Now we will talk about managing time wisely, something that I need to get better at doing. The goal is to balance time between my courses and to focus enough time and energy to both Of them. I have learned to set schedules for myself and set aside time that will only be for schoolwork. Throughout the day I have work, school, and family responsibilities.Setting schedules for your day really does help you accomplish everything you need to. When get up immediately head to the computer and log into my classes, there I check in for attendance and see what I need to accomplish for the day. I go to work, and when home tend to my family and then back to the computer to complete assignments or participate in discussions. I found that I wasted time in front of the TV and was able to find more time for studies when I eliminated frivolities. The best thing to do is prioritize my time and activities and I will be successful. Now lets move onto developing reading comprehension and retention.A valuable process I learned was how to use the USSR (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review). When applying this process to my studies I found that retained information better. Surveying is your pre-reading or scanning for the basics of information that you will need. Questioning is compiling questions related to the topics you just surveyed. You are then ready to Read. The Recite step is repeating information written or out loud to let the information sink in. Next is to Review your notes or highlights (Carter, Bishop, Gravitas, 2007). This process can be beneficial to anyone for reading comprehension and I highly recommend it.The final step is applying personality and learning styles to my studies. Through assignments I discovered that my strongest learning style and intelligence is Verbal-Linguistic, which according to the text is the ability to communicate through language (listening, reading, writing, speaking) (Carter, Bishop, Gravitas, 2007). Feel this learning style is perfect for distance learning environments because can process what I read and write easily and successfully. My weakest intelligence was Naturalistic and decided to study he environment and nature more in order to develop this.

The Augustan Principate essays

The Augustan Principate essays A Period of confusion, unrest, civil strife and violence of all kinds had finally culminated in the emergence of one man as the supreme arbiter of the destinies of the roman world. Octavian was that man. During his triumph in 29B.C, Octavian (later to become Augustus) had returned to Rome a hero after having organized the East. Octavian had held the consulship in 31B.C up until 23B.C. The Augustan principate was the name given to the reformations Augustus had brought to the Republic. These values were in essence applicable to the format of the Empire was run for the next 200 years. What Augustus done most successfully was recognize that he needed to rectify the mistakes that his predecessors had made as well implementing some of their more successful ideas into his plans. The Augustan principate was laid down for the first time in 27 B.C, however Augustus himself rectified it furthermore in 23 B.C and in 18B.C. The individual success of Augustus is plain to see as he survived at the heart of the Empire until his death at an old age. In several ways the reforms under Augustus had directly links to the past, such as the involvement of Augustus with the arts at the time and the emphasis he placed on upholding roman morals. He also held pro-consular power, which had been seen in the past. Although there were links to the past the emphasis of the Augustan principate was the new format that Augustus introduced. The 19th century historian Mommsen argued that the division of provincial responsibility between the Emperor and senate was legitamate; he termed the situation as a diarchy. This was one of the new situations created by the Augustan principate. One thing which was relatively new to Romans was the peace and stability enjoyed under the rule of Augustus. The main emphasis of the reforms were to tie the Emperor closer to the military, how did Augustus do this? He gave new powers to new constitutional positions and gave prece...

RP 3.2 Online Ethical Business project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RP 3.2 Online Ethical Business project - Essay Example The particular phone is then shipped to the buyer within 1-5 days depending on their location. The business will be aimed at providing services to customers while not infringing on the customer privacy and the Digital Copyright Act (SBA, 2013). The business will therefor comply with all the legal considerations and requirement for an online business. Some of these requirement include the fact that, the business will be duly registered as an online business by the national and the local authorities for the issues of tax remittance. To our customers, we will comply with the customer privacy regulations of not sharing their vital and personal information with any other entity and we will ensure that the customers’ personal information remains personal and private. Just like in every business, we will be faced with a stiff competition in the market. We’re aware of the already existing well established companies that deal do online cell phone retailing. Some of the major players in this market include Amazon, Mobile city online, OLX and others. However, that will not encourage us from operating and having our own market niche and create our customer base. We will involve in thorough advertisement through social media, television and magazines in order to increase our popularity. We will ensure that we collaborate with phone manufacturers so that we be among the first people to sell the newly released phone models. This way, we will be able to attract more clients who are in the category of those who would want to be the first to use such new models (James, 2012). We will then win our customers through this strategy and ensure we sell online high quality phones in order to stay on top of competition. For the start, the business will only be able to serve the clients in the United Kingdom. Here, it will be able to at least meet the cost of delivering the purchased phones to the

Whale Rider. Movie and the book, which one is better Essay

Whale Rider. Movie and the book, which one is better - Essay Example Whale Rider is yet another book that has been taken by the screen industry, and morphed into a movie. Yet, there is little that can be complained about. While the book itself is powerful, the changes made to create a movie from the story bring it to life, making it a story of power and a happily ever after for those who watch it. Everything comes out right, and everyone learns a powerful lesson. While many would argue that all movies should stay loyal to the text they are inspired by, many are just that, only inspired. The story stays enough the same that people recognize the link, but the story being told is different. In those cases, it does not seem logical or reasonable for the movie to strictly follow the book. In many cases (such as Jurassic Park) it does not make sense, as the book has scenes and moments that either cannot be portrayed cinematically, or that draw from the primary plot, and damage the story. Movies are limited in both time, and in their ability to accurately portray everything that a book can get across, and the same is true in reverse. Where a movie portrays emotion, a book might share each character's innermost thoughts, which is hard to do on a large screen. So it becomes necessary to change the story enough that it will be successful cinematically, but also still follow the story.

Just Culture in Nursing

Just Culture in Nursing JUST CULTURE: An Approach that is Right and Just for the Philippine Nursing System Bernardo Oliber Alconis Arde Jr., RN, MAN Nursing has always been regarded as a â€Å"humanistic science† since it has evolved from experience to science. Anchored by altruistic motives, nurses perform nursing care to patients with tact and prudence; otherwise patients’ safety is jeopardized. Hence, it is safe to say that nursing should be a ‘perfect discipline’ – an arena where mistake is never an option. While there are great efforts by the nursing community to pursue perfection by its evidence-based approach, the fact still stand that humans are fallible. And by human nature, even if nurses make the best choices of care for their patients, other factors aside from these choices may still make them vulnerable to committing errors. If nurses’ infallibility can never be attained, how then can it be managed? Traditionally, healthcare’s culture has held individuals accountable for all errors or mishaps that befall patients under their care. When errors occur, the immediate solution is to blame an individual for the error. Blaming individuals creates a culture of fear, discourages open reporting and discussion of errors, and does little to prevent future errors or improve the safety of the health care system (NCBON, 2011). According to Leape (2000), as cited by American Nurses Association (2010) these approaches that focus on punishing individuals instead of changing systems provide strong incentives for people to report only those errors they cannot hide. Thus, a punitive approach shuts off the information that is needed to identify faulty systems and create safer ones. In a punitive system, no one learns from their mistakes. Many observers attribute underreporting to the punitive (‘‘name and blame’’) approach that many healthcare organizations have taken with regard to safety incidents. By inculcating a sense of fear, the punitive approach discourages reporting and, in doing so, prevents organizational learning and improvement (Barach Small, 2000; Blegen et al., 2004; Kadzielski Martin, 2002; Kingston, Evans, Smith, Berry, 2004; Manasse, Eturnbull, Diamond, 2002; Wakefield et al., 2001, 1999). As an alternative to this traditional system, application of a model which is widely used in aviation industry known as the Just Culture Model seeks to create an environment that encourages individuals to report mistakes so that the precursors to errors can be better understood in order to fix the system issues (ANA, 2010). Just Culture, as defined in aviation industry, is a culture in which front line operators are not punished for actions, omissions or decisions taken by them that are commensurate with the experience and training, but where gross negligence, wilful violations and destructive acts are not tolerated (Eurocontrol, 2014). Reason (n.d), as quoted by Skybrary (n.d) claimed that it is an atmosphere of trust in which people are encouraged, even rewarded for proving essential safety-related information but in which they are also clear about where the line must be drawn between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. In 1997, as mentioned by ANA (2010), John Reason wrote that a Just Culture creates an atmosphere of trust, encouraging and rewarding people for providing essential safety-related information. A Just Culture is also explicit about what constitutes acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Therefore a Just Culture is the middle component between patient safety and a safety culture (Reason, 1997). However, the term â€Å"Just Culture† was first used in a 2001 report by David Marx (Marx, 2001), a report which popularized the term in the patient safety lexicon (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d.). Further he argues that discipline needs to be tied to the behavior of individuals and the potential risks their behavior presents more than the actual outcome of their actions (Marx, 2001). In the health care arena, Medscape (n.d) emphasized that Just Culture recognizes that human error and faulty systems can cause a mistake and encourages an investigation of what led to the error instead of an immediate rush to blame a person. A just culture, expert say, is a ‘‘non-punitive’’ environment in which individuals can report errors or close calls without fear of reprimand, rebuke, or reprisal (Blegen et al., 2004; Karadeniz Cakmakci, 2002; Kingston et al., 2004; Pizzi, Goldfarb, Nash, 2001; Wakefield et al., 1999; Wild Bradley, 2005). The concept of a fair and just culture refers to the way an organization handles safety issues. Humans are fallible; they make mistakes. In a just culture, hazardous human behavior such as staff errors, near-misses and risky actions are identified and discussed openly in hopes of finding ways to improve processes and systems — not to identify and punish the individual (Pepe Cataldo, 2011). In the Philippines, where nurses face a lot of workplace-related issues such as understaffing, undue remuneration, and hostile employers to name a few, they become more vulnerable to making mistakes. With so much pressure at hand due to how these errors are addressed currently plus the fact that nurses are more often unappreciated, they may burnout putting the delivery of care at stake. This existing practice is opposed by the concept of Just Culture, where according to Pepe and Cataldo (2011), is a model that distinguishes among human error, at-risk behavior, reckless behavior, malicious willful violations and the corresponding levels of accountability. Moreover, just culture is not a â€Å"blame-free† approach. It is a strategy that gets into the root of the problem, whether it is a worker wilfully contributing to the error or the system providing inadequate support to the worker’s need. Furthermore, it is a system of justice that involves both investigatory action and disciplinary action. Hence, a â€Å"just culture† stands between a ‘‘blaming’’ or punitive culture, on the one hand, and a ‘‘no-blame’’ or ‘‘anything-goes’’ culture, on the other. This view reflects the connotation of balance typically associated with the terms ‘‘just’’ or ‘‘fair.’ (Weiner, Hobgood Lewis, 2007). It balances the need to learn from mistakes and the need to take disciplinary action where appropriate. In a setting where just culture is implemented, encouragement of error disclosure is emphasized through open communication. As stated in Skybrary (2014) the personnel is clear, that in the interest of safety, the organisation wants to know, at all times, about unsafe events, unsafe situations that have presented themselves or could arise. They are keen to step forward and speak up when they perceive a situation as dangerous, think of a procedure as risky, or any other issue in their daily tasks that they judge as potentially harmful and are yet without good remedy. This system makes sure the staffs are motivated to report and the trend must be maintained. Moreover, whenever there are reports, the organization assures that they are acknowledged, discussed properly and provided with appropriate feedbacks. When errors occur, the person who committed the error is not blamed instantly. He or she is not punished outright but rather a safety investigation is initiated to determine the proper disciplinary action. The organisation investigates why this error was made and what can be done to avoid them or to mitigate the effects for future operations. The workforce is protected as best as possible from negative consequences resulting from human error or subsequent investigations and in principle the organisation will defend and support people should external prosecutions or litigations target them. The organisation attempts to repair the situation as best as possible and restore the operations to normal. The organisation provides compensation for those that have experienced personal loss or damage. The organisation tries hard to prevent that same event from happening again. A case is not closed by condemning or finding the guilty one, but by discovering the underlying problems in the system, by rectifying this and by repairing the damages done (Skybrary, 2014). When the problem is discovered, rectified and repaired, the organisation then communicates the situation with confidentiality to all the members of the group. This dissemination intends not to humiliate somebody but rather provides a learning platform for everyone. In just culture, the error that has happened was seen not as something to be fixed but rather an opportunity of learning and ironing the system. It creates an environment of introspection while errors are discussed and collectively outlines improved policies, protocols and/or guidelines. It also shapes a venue for the enrichment of managerial competencies. Hence, it is an implicit claim of just culture that it is inevitable for practitioners to commit mistakes that even the most experienced individual is capable of making mistakes. It is also implied in just culture that punishment is not an assurance that workers will not be making mistakes and that perfecting a performance is impossible and can never be sustained. ANA (2010), in their position paper about this concept officially endorse the Just Culture concept as a strategy to reduce errors and promote patient safety in health care. In their efforts to endorse this â€Å"non-punitive† approach, they promote and disseminate information about the Just Culture concept in ANA publications, through constituent member associations, and ANA affiliated organizations. Hence, the feasibility of incorporating this approach in the present system in the Philippines must also be taken into consideration. However, the adopting organization must develop its own strategies in implementing just culture. It is because no single method fits all in applying the just culture. This concept, when used as an approach in improving the quality of care, must be contextualized depending on the acceptance and capability of the institution to implement this model. Once this approach is incorporated in the system, ANA (2010) encourages continued research into the effectiveness of the Just Culture concept in improving patient safety and employee performance outcomes. To this end, Just Culture might just be the absolute answer to the faulty system not only of nursing but might as well the entire Philippine Healthcare system. References Erickson, A. K. (2012, November 1). Step forward: Hospital journey to Just Culture. pharmacist.com. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http://www.pharmacist.com/step-forward-hospitals’-journey-‘just-culture’ ANA. (n.d.). Just Culture. http://nursingworld.org/. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http://nursingworld.org/psjustculture Brewer, K. (n.d.). How a Just Culture Can Improve Safety in Health Care. Medscape Log In. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/746089_2 Building a Just Culture. (2014, January 8). SKYbrary . 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(n.d.). Eurocontrol. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/publication/files/201209-just-culture-policy.pdf Marx, D. (n.d.). Patient Safety and the Just Culture . health.ny.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/patients/patient_safety/conference/2007/docs/patient_safety_and_the_just_culture.pdf NCBON. (n.d.). Just Culture In Nursing Regulation . ncbon.com. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/cet-booklet.pdf Pepe, J., Cataldo, P. J. (2011). Log in. Manage Risk, Build a Just Culture. Retrieved August 10, 2014, from https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/july-august-2011/manage-risk-build-a-just-culture WISE, D. (n.d.). Getting To Know Just Culture | Outcome Engenuitys Just Culture Community. Outcome Engenuitys Just Culture Community. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from https://www.justculture.org/getting-to-know-just-culture/ Weiner, B. J., Hobgood, C., Lewis, M. A. (2008). The meaning of justice in safety incident reporting. Social Science Medicine, 66(2), 403-413.